Time of day Chicago 8. Contents Search 1. Introduction 2. Substantive Writing 3. Mechanics of Writing 3. Numbers Guidelines for spelling out numbers: Spell out one through one hundred. Numbers in series: When enumerating a series, use numerals: This collection contains 7 audiorecordings, 15 videorecordings, and photographs. Numbers in the same sentence but not part of the quantified category may be treated differently: This collection contains 7 audio-recordings and 15 video-recordings from twenty-three states and photographs by ten authors.
Dates Guidelines for spelling out numbers : Chicago 8. Write the day of the month as a cardinal number e. Compound adjectives should be hyphenated e. Form of Inclusive Numbers Guidelines for form of inclusive numbers Chicago 8. Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting e.
For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers:. In addition to consulting The Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.
The Chicago Notes and Bibliography NB system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.
In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note endnote or footnote each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.
In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.
If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. Indiana University of Pennsylvania opened in as Indiana Normal School, enrolling just students in its first class. In , control of the school was passed on to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and in it became State Teachers College at Indiana, when it was granted the right to grant degrees.
It became Indiana State College in , and then six years later it was granted university status and became Indiana University of Pennsylvania. When written out, the university name should always be Indiana University of Pennsylvania. The word the should not precede Indiana University of Pennsylvania, as it is not part of the university's name. After the first use of the full university name, use IUP for further references on the same page or news post.
It is not necessary to include IUP on first reference. See acronyms and initials. When referring to IUP as "the university," note that university is not capitalized. This follows Chicago 's general rule for capitalization of proper and common nouns. Write out Kovalchick Convention and Athletic Complex on first reference.
Use Kovalchick Complex on second reference. It is not the Kovalchick Center. Do not use KCAC. Link text should identify the item being linked to. Do not use "click here" or "learn more" as link text; this creates accessibility and search engine optimization issues.
Don't make surrounding punctuationsuch as periods, commas, or quotation markspart of the link, unless link's text is an entire sentence. When referring to the communities in IUP's residence halls, living-learning should be hyphenated. It is a community for both living and learning. In the verb form, it is log in. As a noun, log-in or login is acceptable. Sign-on follows the same rule. More than is used to describe a countable number of things. Over means the physical state of going above something.
Although in recent years some organizations have decided the two are interchangeable, IUP's stance is that they are not the same.
On first use, give first name, last name, and job title. No designations Mr. Use just the last name thereafter, again without any designations. When including a job title as part of a name, it should be in lowercase letters when following a name, but capitalized when in front of a name. Ordinal numbers, which designate the place occupied by an item in an ordered sequence, should be spelled out. They are not to be used when referring to a specific date.
See State System , below. Avoid use of the word full as an adjective for professor. Each year, certain faculty members are promoted from assistant professor to professor, not to full professor. Be aware when using faculty, that it can refer to either the collective group of professors or to them individually, so subject-verb agreement can be tricky, depending on the context of faculty.
Names of degrees and majors are considered descriptive and, therefore, common nouns that do not need capitalization. Names of programs are considered proper nouns, with or without the word program included, and should be capitalized.
When referring to programs, concentrations, and degrees in lists, the format is the following: Concentration or Track, Program, Degree. Chicago style does not italicize articles at the beginning of a publication's name in running text. In the CMS, use the "curly" quotation marks and apostrophes provided in the special characters menu, under the insert toolbar. Quoted material such as words, phrases, and sentences are enclosed in double quotation marks.
If you are quoting an excerpt from another source and that excerpt includes a quote, those quotes would become single quotes. Names of ethnic and national groups are capitalized. Adjectives associated with these names are also capitalized, including Black, Brown, and White. When referring to the document for pursuing a job, use the accented. When meaning to continue, no accents are needed: resume. Here are shortcuts for some of the more widely-used symbols and punctuation marks:.
In subsequent references, use the system or the state system. In running text, use full, not abbreviated, state name with city. In list form, Chicago recommends using the two-letter postal code with the city whenever abbreviations are needed. Use a colon and zeros for on-the-hour times and lowercase the a. Use noon and midnight to avoid confusion. Use the en dash when giving a range of times.
Although Chicago allows for either usage, do not place a comma before any title after a last name. Although both words, according to Merriam-Webster , can be used as adjectives meaning "designated," do not use entitled when referring to the name of a book, musical, play, etc.
Save entitled for use as an adjective meaning that someone has earned something. According to a change from the 16th to 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, it is no longer mandatory to write out United States as a noun, provided the meaning is clear from the context. US no periods can now be used as a noun. Although URLs such as iup. Italicize URLs in print.
Do not put bare URLs in running text. Always use text-based links that described where the link is going. Using keywords for links is easier for users and search engine optimization. When using words with -wide, follow the dictionary on whether the suffix is added with a hyphen or not. In some instances, the two words become one: worldwide. In others they are hyphenated: university-wide. Chicago also states that the words are closed if they appear as such in the dictionary.
If they do not appear in the dictionary, you should hyphenate them. Fenton, Nicole, and Kate Kiefer Lee. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press. Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Manual of Style , 4th Edition. Redish, Janice. University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style , 16th Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Marketing and Communications. Avoid stacking titles before the name; choose one and use others elsewhere. Initials and acronyms do not get periods.
Correct: SGA held its meeting Monday night. Incorrect: S. Source: Chicago Manual of Style, Correct: The weather will affect our plans this weekend. Incorrect: The weather will effect our plans this weekend. Correct: Bad weather could have an effect on our plans this weekend. Incorrect: Bad weather could have an affect on our plans this weekend.
Correct: Bad weather will effect many changes to our weekend plans. Incorrect: Bad weather will affect many changes to our weekend plans. Source: Chicago Manual of Style, 5. Avoid them in running text, save for acronyms. If you need to emphasize something, use bold fonts.
On the IUP website: Do not use all caps. Use bold or italics to emphasize single words or short phrases. Don't emphasize long phrases or whole paragraphs. Headings and page titles should not be entered into the CMS in all capital letters, even though they will automatically appear as all caps because of the website's template, which may change in the future.
Entering headings in all caps creates search engine optimization and accessibility issues see headings for more information.
Correct: The application deadline is January 1, Do not use alum. Using italics is preferred. Do not use boldface in headings. Do not use boldface on entire paragraphs of text. Better options are to place the text in a call-out box or use a heading to break it out. Do not underline. Underlining makes text look like a link. In print publications: Use boldface to emphasize something. Be wary of using italics because in many instances, the Chicago Manual of Style mandates using italics for things such as book titles and newspaper names, so using italics in copy could be confusing.
Avoid using underline. However, cancellation does have two ls in all contexts. Correct: Our event is postponed until tomorrow. Incorrect: Our event is canceled until tomorrow. Correct: The event is canceled. Incorrect: The event is cancelled.
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